Dante walks into the light of the setting sun, leaving behind the smoke of the angry on Mount Purgatory's third terrace. Or is that their fog and mist? Or their clouds? Metaphoric space overlays metaphoric space as Dante begins to argue that the imagination is a mechanism of revelation.
Read MoreMarco of Lombardy's central discourse in COMEDY raises as many questions as it answers. What is Dante the poet up to with this long speech at the center of the poem. Let's read through the speech in its entirety, then ask six central questions that it raises without definite answers.
Read MoreThe angry penitent Marco of Lombardy's time in COMEDY comes to a conclusion with a chatty back-and-forth with the pilgrim Dante. Dante wants to compliment Marco on a great argument (the very one that Dante the poet crafted!). But Marco comes back with his irritation and abruptly leaves the scene.
Read MoreThe angry penitent Marco of Lombardy continues his diagnosis of the world's ills. It should have two suns. It's got only one. And a sun that's not kosher. Or that perhaps cannot be kosher. So is the fault in us, as he claimed? Or is the corruption of the world a systemic problem?
Read MoreOn the third terrace of anger on Mount Purgatory and in a dark, dense smoke that permits no light, Marco of Lombardy continues his great discourse on free will with a surprising turn: a developmental hypothesis of the soul as a little girl.
Read MoreDante the pilgrim has asked the angry Marco of Lombardy the central question: why have things become so bad on earth? Marco's begins his answer with both exasperation and affection, then he launches into the heart of the matter: free will. The cause is in all of you.
Read MoreDante finds himself about to explode with doubt, thanks to Marco of Lombardy’s snark about the loss of valor in the bows of this world. Dante’s question is really about the nature and cause of evil. How did things get so bad? Let’s pick apart the pilgrim’s question before we get to Marco’s answer.
Read MoreDante the pilgrim encounters one of the wrathful penitents, Marco of Lombardy, an abrupt figure who stands at almost the exact center of COMEDY itself and is one of the most seminal characters in the poem, despite being a murky figure historically and maybe even personally.
Read MoreDante the pilgrim finds himself in such acrid, abrasive smoke that he can’t open his eyes and so must lean on Virgil to help him along the third terrace of Purgatory proper. The terrace of wrath has some of the poet’s most astute understandings of the human condition, including the notion that wrath is a “knot” that must be “solved.”
Read MoreA comparison and contrast of anger in both INFERNO and PURGATORIO, since it’s the first sin or human failing that is overtly found in both. A look at INFERNO, Cantos VII and VII, the circle of wrath vs. PURGATORIO, Cantos XV - XVII, the terrace of wrath. And a look at the cantos in PURGATORIO when read vertically with INFERNO, Cantos XV and XVI.
Read MoreA read-through of the third terrace of Purgatory proper: PURGATORIO, Canto XV, line 85 through Canto XVII, line 72. We’ll explore the smoky terrace of wrath or anger and hear the great speech of Marco of Lombardy which takes center place in the entire poem of COMEDY, all about the free will and the (surprising!) gender of the soul.
Read MoreDante comes out of his ecstatic visions to get razzed by Virgil, who wonders if the pilgrim is drunk or really sleepy. It’s a rare moment of humor in PURGATORIO and perhaps yet another answer to the problem of wrath: laughter. And it may even explain Dante’s taunt about all these “not false errors” he has.
Read MoreDante the pilgrim has already had one ecstatic vision as he stepped onto the third terrace of Purgatory proper: the Virgin Mary’s return to Jerusalem to find Jesus after Passover. Now the pilgrim has two more visions in quick succession: Pisistratus and his wife, then the martyrdom of Stephen. These visions give us a clue as to Dante’s antidote for anger or wrath. It’s found on the face, in the countenance.
Read MoreDante and Virgil step onto the third terrace of Purgatory proper and the pilgrim is immediately struck with an ecstatic vision, the first such vision in a poem that itself may seem like one big ecstatic vision. This time, it’s Mary at the door, reprimanding Jesus and speaking in medieval Florentine.
Read MoreDante has heard Virgil’s explanation of the good becoming more, the more it’s shared (at least in heaven); yet Dante is not satisfied. So the pilgrim goes back for a second helping in this passage that continues Virgil’s lesson, turning the “good” into love and light, a move that will set us up for the grand revelations in the central cantos of COMEDY.
Read MoreThe long awaited angel finally arrives and ushers Dante and Virgil to the stairway up to the third terrace of Purgatory. As the two climb this easier ascent, Dante takes a moment to get Virgil to gloss two lines spoken by Guido del Duca in Canto XIV. Both in Dante’s question and in Virgil’s answer, we can sense the changing notion of COMEDY as we enter the middle cantos of the poem.
Read MoreDante the poet begins the complex and brilliant process of helping us convert what seems into what is. But seeming and being are interconnected in so many ways that we can feel the ground shift under our feet as we begin our exit from the second terrace of Purgatory proper. And if all that were not enough, Virgil, Dante’s guide, undertakes a redefinition of “pleasure” or “delight.”
Read MoreDante and Virgil walk away from the envious on the second terrace of Purgatory . . . and straight into the sun. Meanwhile, we walk straight into Dante’s poetics, which are becoming more and more complex as we enter the liminal space that forms the central cantos of COMEDY.
Read MoreAs Dante the pilgrim and Virgil begin to walk away from the envious penitents on the second terrace of Purgatory proper, Virgil, silent for a long while, suddenly pipes up to refocus and reinterpret our entire experience in cantos XII and XIV, transforming the linearity espoused by Sapia and Guido del Duca into the comedic circularity of Dante’s poem.
Read MoreWith Guido del Duca lost to his tears, Dante the pilgrim and Virgil begin to walk on to find a way up to the third terrace of Purgatory. Before they go very many steps, two more voices on the wind strike them head-on: Cain, after his fratridice and banishment; and Aglauros, laded with the sickness of envy from Ovid’s METAMORPHOSES.
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