Beatrice develops a sub-point on the concept of free will that proves—at least if you accept the reasoning from Aristotle and Aquinas—that Piccarda and Constance were indeed guilty of breaking their vows, even if they didn’t want to break them. Wanting doesn’t overcome their actions.
Read MoreBeatrice takes apart the pilgrim Dante’s second doubt: Is God unjust for relegating Piccarda and Constance to the lowest sphere of heaven? Beatrice launches into a hard, troubling argument about free will . . . and about how your actions are your fault, even when force is used to make you do something.
Read MoreAfter a warning to his readers (or maybe just some of his readers) to go home, Dante ascends into the moon with Beatrice. They enter the diaphanous and aesthetic mystery of the universe standing in the pearl of the heavens . . . and thereby proving the incarnation of Christ (if you believe Dante’s journey really happened).
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